Common Buffer Preparation

Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) is a widely used biological buffer in research laboratories, isotonic and compatible with most cells, with pH close to physiological conditions.

Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) is a modified phosphate-buffered saline widely used in cell culture and biological research, with pH and osmolarity optimized for mammalian cells.

Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer is a widely used buffering system for the storage and stabilization of DNA and RNA by maintaining pH and inhibiting nuclease activity.

Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer is a commonly used electrophoresis buffer for nucleic acid analysis, providing a stable pH environment and effective chelation of divalent metal ions.

Tris-Borate-EDTA (TBE) buffer is a commonly used electrophoresis buffer for nucleic acid analysis, especially suitable for the separation of small DNA fragments.

Tris-Borate (TB) buffer is an electrophoresis buffer lacking EDTA, suitable for high-voltage DNA electrophoresis and rapid separation of small DNA fragments.

MOPS buffer is a zwitterionic buffering system commonly used in molecular biology, particularly for RNA-related applications, due to its effective buffering capacity near neutral pH and low metal-binding properties.

SDS-PAGE running buffer is a standard electrophoresis buffer used in Laemmli systems for protein separation under denaturing conditions.

Tris-Glycine Native running buffer is commonly used for native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, allowing protein separation while preserving native conformation and biological activity.

SDS-PAGE loading buffer (sample buffer) is used to prepare protein samples for denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by providing denaturation, density, and tracking dye.

Solution I is used in plasmid isolation protocols to resuspend bacterial cells and protect plasmid DNA prior to alkaline lysis.

Solution II is the alkaline lysis buffer used to lyse bacterial cells during plasmid isolation.

Solution III is the neutralization buffer used in plasmid isolation.

SSC buffer is commonly used in nucleic acid hybridization washes.

TNE buffer is commonly used in molecular biology for nucleic acid and protein applications.

NP-40 Lysis Buffer is commonly used for cell lysis and protein extraction.

SSPE buffer is commonly used in nucleic acid hybridization experiments.

TBS buffer is commonly used in molecular biology experiments as a general-purpose buffer.

Tris-Glycine Transfer Buffer is commonly used for protein transfer in Western blotting.

Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) is a balanced salt buffer widely used in cell biology to maintain physiological osmotic pressure and pH during washing, transport, and short‑term maintenance of cells and tissues. It provides water and essential inorganic ions required for cell viability.

RIPA Lysis Buffer (Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay buffer) is a widely used cell/tissue lysis buffer for extraction of total proteins, including membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. Due to its mix of ionic and non‑ionic detergents, it solubilizes proteins effectively while maintaining many antigenic epitopes for downstream assays such as Western blotting and immunoprecipitation.

Co‑IP Lysis Buffer is used for immunoprecipitation experiments to gently lyse cells while preserving protein–protein interactions.

DNA Loading Dye is used for tracking DNA migration in agarose or polyacrylamide gels.

Alkaline Phosphatase Stabilizer is used to maintain enzyme activity during storage and handling.

Potassium Chloride-based PCR Buffer is commonly used to optimize DNA polymerase activity.

Ammonium sulfate PCR Buffer is commonly used to enhance primer specificity and optimize DNA polymerase activity.

HEPES Buffer Saline (HBS) is commonly used in transfection experiments and cell culture applications.